The maximum testicular weight and the highest fertility rate in roosters are obtained at the age of 28–30 weeks (Rothwell, 1973). At this time, almost all the seminiferous ducts contain secondary spermatocyte cells, and their process of differentiation into spermatid cells and eventually adult sperm is completed. During this process, spermatogonia stem cells proliferate and differentiate into more specific cells (primary spermatocytes and then secondary spermatocytes; Razi et al., 2010). Excessive TBARS formation can lead to the depletion of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione (GSH), a potent antioxidant. Additionally, ginger has been shown to reduce markers of cell damage like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the testes. Furthermore, ginger contains essential elements like manganese, copper, selenium, and zinc. 6-gingerol is considered the most pungent and the main bioactive compound in fresh ginger. It is also widely used in folk medicine due to its numerous health benefits in various diseases, including chronic conditions such as type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Ginger improves semen quality and increases fertility of sperm by disrupting the production of free radicals, dissolving oxidative chain reactions, reducing oxidative stress and altering the levels of gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH) and sex hormones (such as testosterone). A systematic review conducted by Kamtchouing in 2002 revealed that ginger supplementation at a dose of 600 mg/kg for 8 days increased testicular cholesterol levels, potentially a key factor behind the increased testosterone production following ginger consumption.Ginger is rich in potent antioxidants such as gingerols, zingerone, zingiberene, glucosides-6-gingerol, flavonoids, and volatile oils. Generally, reproductive toxicity studies are conducted to investigate the effects of ginger in improving testosterone levels primarily in male rats exposed to toxins. Animal studies show that ginger could support male and female fertility by decreasing oxidative stress, improving sperm quality, and balancing hormone levels. Accordingly, the positive impact of ginger on sperm parameters, and thus on semen quality, may be attributable, at least in part, to the increased levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone and luteinising hormone; Banihani, 2019). In addition to the usual health benefits, ginger has been proven to increase sperm quality, promote fertility, and improve low testosterone levels. In this study, ginger increased the amount of unsaturated fatty acids and reduced the concentration of saturated fatty acids in sperm. In this study, the use of ginger for 3 months caused a significant increase in the total number of sperm (more than 16.2%), a significant improvement in sperm motility (more than 47.3%), increased viability (more than 40.7%) and normal sperm morphology. In a similar study, Mares et al. (2012) measured LH, FSH and testosterone hormones in serum to investigate the effect of ginger extract on sperm parameters (total number, motility, viability and normal sperm morphology) in 19–40‐year‐old infertile men. In this study, the use of ginger powder in both concentrations significantly increased the viability and motility of sperm. Khaki et al. (2009) studied the effects of ginger on spermatogenesis and semen quality in rats by using 50 and 100 mg of ginger powder per kg of diet. Several studies have been conducted on the effect of ginger on sperm fertility in mice and rats. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men are linked with a wide range of disorders/diseases such as infertility , diabetes , osteoporosis , and bone loss . Such an intention is due to the crucial function of testosterone as the major sex hormone in males . All these studies are very promising in terms of the ginger-testosterone relationship. Most studies on the matter have been on rats, with only one human study accessible online. Basically, testosterone is an androgenic steroid hormone that supports the development of male traits in the body. The results of this study showed that the rate of DNA damage in infertile patients receiving ginger extract was significantly lower than in the control group. In this study, patients used 250 mg capsules of ginger powder twice a day for 3 months. The results of this study suggest that phytobiotic supplementation has a positive influence on semen parameters. However, certain medical conditions, lifestyle choices, and other factors can affect the amount of this sex hormone in the body.While medical treatments can increase low testosterone levels, especially in younger men, individuals can also encourage their bodies to produce more by making certain dietary and lifestyle changes.Ginger is a flowering plant whose root or rhizome is used as a spice. In one study, male rats supplemented with ginger root or extract for a week had higher testicular weight than the corresponding control group . Studies show consuming ginger extract may boost testosterone levels; however, these effects were only found in mice. Studies have shown that ginger supplementation can lead to an increase in LH levels, which, in turn, promotes the production of testosterone. One of the mechanisms by which ginger may enhance testosterone production is by increasing luteinizing hormone (LH) production. Research studies have shown that ginger consumption can have a positive impact on testosterone levels in men. Ginger supplementation may enhance testosterone production indirectly by increasing LH levels, normalizing blood glucose, improving blood flow to the testes, and promoting nitric oxide production. Enhancing and protecting testosterone production is one target for many scientists because of its crucial role as a primary sex hormone in males. In fact, research suggests that it could increase blood flow, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance fertility among both men and women.
